Minority Health Disparities Type II Diabetes - 1742 Words

Minority Health Disparities: Type II Diabetes in African Americans Shelby Peterson HLTH 236 – 501 Jeff Guidry Texas AM University April 14, 2015 Executive Summary Type II Diabetes in African Americans is a major health disparity that is growing every day and needs to be understood more. According to the American Diabetes Association, African Americans are 1.7 times more likely to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (American Diabetes Association). Why is that? Scientist have been extensively trying to answer this question with various studies and experiments. Though it is not yet fully understood, small achievements have been made and answers are constantly being searched for. Testing and early diagnosis, primary prevention, access to care for everyone and improving that quality of care will make a difference in the number of casualties and people being affected in the African American community. Description Type II diabetes is a mixture of both genetic and environmental factors. It is a metabolic disorder that affects the way the body processes blood sugar due to the fact that the body cannot produce enough insulin. The victim often feels fatigued and thirsty that leads to frequent urination. Obesity is believed to be the primary cause of Type II diabetes to those who are genetically predisposed. Based on the American Diabetes Association, non-Hispanic blacks are second in being diagnosed with diabetes with 13.2%. Type II diabetes can come with many effectsShow MoreRelated Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essays1267 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Lisa A. Jennings Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V January 25, 2015 Title Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group and there are estimated to be about 54 million living in the United States (Office of Minority Health Health Equity, YEAR). The Hispanics are a minority group that struggle every day to survive, to provide for their families, to stay healthy and to live quality lives. This paper will discuss theRead MoreThe Correlation Between Sedentary Life Style And Eating Habits And Development Of Type II Diabetes1363 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of Type II Diabetes in African American young adults under 30 years old.† A Non-Thesis Project Presented to The Faculty of the College of Graduate Studies Lamar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Health Promotion Brittny Bratcher 12/1/2013 Introduction According to the Centers for Disease Control, diabetes is a metabolic disease that elevates the blood sugar or glucose levels in the blood. Persons with type II diabetes eitherRead MoreType II Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1745 Words   |  7 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that influences the physical and social aspects of life for millions of people living in New York City (NYC). The excess accumulation of glucose in the blood caused by this disease can lead to the breakdown of many organs in the human body leading to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Although diabetes is a manageable disease given the appropriate care and education, the disease and its complications disproportionately affect African-AmericansRead MoreDiabetes Among Ethnic Minorities And The Aging Population1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe high number of reported new cases of diabetes yearly among ethnic minorities and the aging population is alarming. According to a report by the Cente r for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National diabetes Statistics Report in 2014, diabetes is high among minorities; 15.9% American Indian/Alaska Native, 13.2% African American and 12.8% Hispanics. This is consistent with the community I worked with during the first part of my clinical rotation. The community of Casa de Merced in TollesonRead MoreEffects Of Diabetes On The United States968 Words   |  4 Pages The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationallyRead MoreEpidemiology Paper Part Two : Analysis And Application Ess ay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescare, quality of care and interventions to reduce disparities, and outcomes (Chin, 2005). It is important for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) to understand identification of â€Å"at risk† populations when moving to develop a plan to intervene and improve statistical health outcomes. This paper will identify an â€Å"at risk† population, address how the health risk for this population can be affected by nursing science, discuss potential barriers to health prevention and promotion activity implementationRead MoreHealthy Food Is Vital On Our Daily Lives1709 Words   |  7 Pagesinadequate â€Å"fresh† vegetables. Followed by all these burdens, there is no surprise that these low income unprivileged communities have the highest prevailing risks of obesity, diabetes, and all other preventable food relating deficiencies. Without access to healthy foods there is the absence of a nutritious diet and good health care is out of reach. Also, in the absence of grocery stores and other retailers, these communities are missing the commercial vitality needed to make neighborhoods livable andRead MoreAmerican-Indians and the United States Health System1556 Words   |  6 Pages American Indians and the United States Health System Introduction Though American Indians are enjoying an independent public health system with above $3 billion funds provided by Congress annually for delivering healthcare services to them, still figure and facts on health status of American Indians reveal that they are facing many difficulties and have to suffer from diverse type of illness and disease at a misappropriate level. Since long it was identified by medical communities that thereRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty And Diabetes1743 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Diabetes Association, more Americans die each year from diabetes than from AIDS and breast cancer combined. As a result, researchers have extensively studied the causes, treatments, and interventions for diabetes. Despite efforts to ameliorate its effects, diabetes remains a prevalent danger in society. In 2014, 7% of U.S. adults were living with diagnosed diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). In Louisiana that number was even higher - 10.4%Read MoreInsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Is A Metabolic Disorder Affecting The Endocrine System Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the endocrine system, the physiognomies consist of either the inability to properly produce and/or use insulin by the body; resulting in unregulated blood sugar (BS) or glucose. This is typically a chronic condition, but there are some outliers that may yield the same results, such as pregnancy, surgery, medication regimen, pancreatic disease and infections. A basic review of the digestive process will help us in understanding this illness; the metabolism

My Experience Management College Is Full Of New...

College Success: College is full of new adventures and challenges. I feel that it is my job to conquer everything that comes my way. I may not be an expert, but I am aware that my old habits may damage my future beyond immediate repair. Time management is what I need to work on. I am the type of person to wait until the end to get anything done. I think that I can just do it later because I have time. I usually end up stressing over the things that could have been handled at the beginning. I am aware that I have time management issues, I am on the road to recovery. Understanding what I need to fix is the best thing to know. Time management is a topic I do not like to discuss because it is my biggest weakness. I am on a mission to make sure it becomes my strength. In high school, I was the student that was waiting for the last day to study. I did not have a plan to gather my thoughts about what I learned. It is important to practice time management before I reach a point of no ret urn. When I mention a point of no return, I mean a stressful path. All I can do is take small steps to make my dream strength a reality. The step that I want to take to reach this goal is making sure I find a place to put tasks that I need to accomplish. A planner will make me aware of things I need to stay on top of, so I don’t fall behind. My goal is to have good grades. Setting a deadline is a great way to finish a task. I want to have an achievement to market myself for the future. AShow MoreRelatedMy Experience Management : College Is Full Of New Adventures And Challenges1028 Words   |  5 Pages College Success: College is full of new adventures and challenges. I feel that it is my job to conquer everything that comes my way. I may not be an expert, but I am aware that my old habits may damage my future beyond immediate repair. Time management is what I need to work on. I am the type of person to wait until the end to get anything done. I think that I can just do it later because I have time. I usually end up stressing over the things that could have been handled at the beginning. IRead MoreMy First Love Is Not A Girl But A Machine1043 Words   |  5 PagesMy first love was not a girl but a machine. I had reached a new city moved out from a small town. Got admission in a new school. It was hard to talk to people but not machines. They loved me so did I. I fancied every chance to hang out with them. And sure I loved their company. My first experience of indulgence came when I wrote a Logo program. Every move of the cursor fancied me. Schools changed, people changed but what was constant was my love for these machines. My truest joy came when my parentsRead MoreMy Campaign For A Senior Executive Service1750 Words   |  7 PagesMy primary short-term academic goal is to earn my Associate of Applied Science degree in Business Administration with a concentration in Event and Meeting Planning before the end of 2016. My short-term plan includes reducing and eliminating the academic tuition cost from out of my pocket by obtaining scholarships, grants and tuition assistance from my employer and sponsors. Further, I plan to reduce the time required to obtain the degree, to quickly have the necessary skills and education to jump-startRead MoreExternal Threat Is Improper Training And Knowledge1332 Words   |  6 Pagescould lead to losing customers or even worse a lawsuit. It is impart that floor management and leads stay active on the salon floor and interacting with employees. 2. Neglecting to keep up with new regulated laws can hurt the business and cause economic distress in the business. This will have an adverse effect on the ability to capitalize business ventures and generate revenue. I feel that it is up to both the management team and myself to stay on top of all facets of the business and make sure allRead MorePersonal Statement : Self Exploration1156 Words   |  5 Pagesstep to take since those who do not know themselves well will also have no idea about where to begin their career or may be mediocre in their life (Rogers et al., 2008). Therefore, for aspiring college student, before completely stepping into the working stage, one shall specify his or her goal and make full use of the existed sources in school to enrich themselves. It is not an easy thing for one to have a career plan since it is a concept including many factors. For me, the career plan is an analysisRead MorePersonal Development Plan1893 Words   |  8 PagesPERSONAL DEVELOPM ENT PLAN 1. Introduction The aim of this assessment is to build a Personal Development Plan and evaluate my current skills and knowledge. The primary objective of PDP is to improve my knowledge and plan my educational development according to my background and personal experience so far. 2. What is PDP According to the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education in UK (QAA 2004) defined PDP as: ‘a structured and supported process undertaken by an individual to reflect upon theirRead MoreStudent Learning Outcomes Into My Writing3418 Words   |  14 PagesThroughout this portfolio I will discuss how these assignments have helped me to incorporate various aspects of Student Learning Outcomes into my writing, and how I have revised the two of the major writing assignments. Part A: Discussion of Student Learning Outcomes The English 110 course has been instrumental in the improvement of various aspects of my writing. The course has been of significant aid in the comprehension of the English language. The learning of the different methods of writingRead MoreWalt Disney Company Essay2641 Words   |  11 Pagesglobal entertainment company that they are known as today. In 1984 the company brought in a new CEO and chairman of the board for the company. Michael Eisner knew from the beginning that the company needed to grow in order to succeed. Under his leadership the company went from two theme parks to nine located throughout the world. Disney now consists of the Magic Kingdom, Disneyland, California Adventure, Animal Kingdom, Epcot, Disney Studios, Euro Disney, Tokyo Disney, and Hong Kong DisneylandRead MoreWalt-Disney World Internship Report7881 Words   |  32 PagesBrief Description of My Internship Fantastic memories of 169 days living in America, almost six months working in Walt Disney World offers an unforgettable experience in my personal life and has great influence in my future professional life. Transferred from an elegant cafà © in Grand Floridian Resort Spa to a crazy busy character buffet restaurant in Contemporary Resort provides me an opportunity to work in hotels with different styles. At the macro level, it enlarges my theoretical knowledgeRead MoreThe Critical Theory Of Communication Approach3384 Words   |  14 Pageson a few key aspects: it is vital to understand when team-based management is appropriate and can be effective, attitudes of managers must be adaptive, cynicism about change must be addressed, empowerment must be measured and the implementation of change must be facilitated and ongoing. Within these constraints, the HR approach is likely to succeed within the workplace. Human Relations and Human Resources approaches to management are welcomed additions to organizations. Employees are focused

Contemporary Computing And Viewing The Intel

Question: Discuss about a Report on Contemporary Computing And Viewing for The Intel ? Answer: Introduction The following assignment is on Contemporary Computing And Viewing it as an assemblage. To bring out the appropriate information about contemporary computing we are going to use two recent phenomenons regarding the subject, one being the release of Windows 10 the other one is release of Intel Core I7 6700k(SKYLAKE ). Release of these two did not just occur out of the blue, a lot of social occurrence, commercial influence, media management and other influential predeceasing phenomena were in effort before these two huge release. Windows 10 was released by Microsoft and I7 processor was released by Intel. As these two are the latest versions of their predecessor models, they are immune to the problems other models faced before them. Every new product launched is balanced with many features that their predecessors did not possessed like the newer products are always built to enhance management functions better than their predecessors. Windows 10 and I7 processor have brought a lot of new features in d age of computing. With the following we will learn about the ideas of these products. Description Product overview Both of this product launches included a good amount of stealth marketing as well as print media, visual media and electric media marketing. Leaking of Core i7 processors launching dates, comparisons with other products, advertising on different types of media, product display in public- all of these was done to hype the product or to bring its marketing features in consideration of the people. Same things were done for Windows 10 marketing as well but in a slight different manner as it had fewer competitors. The actual competitor of Windows 10 was its immediate predecessor, Windows 8. In spite of these reasons Windows also used stealth marketing as well as other kind of marketing methods. Being innovative in marketing, the company used a new method to market the launch of Windows 10. At first they released the product as an update to the existing members and the new members also. After that Microsoft announced that it is actually a marketing and promotional activity. There is also a nother thing, for accounting uses an organization needs to set aside the revenue of affected product when they give it as a free upgrade to the previous version. But what Microsoft did was they booked all the revenue eventually, but at staggered intervals. Microsoft also made that clear in the 10-Q that as the upgrade is a promotional and marketing activity, revenue of new sales of windows 8 will be recognized as sent. So the revenue is counted under Windows 8.1 until Windows 10 is launched. Microsoft once offered a discount upgrade before this. When they launched Windows 8, it was offered for the period of early June 2012 to end of January 2013. Also the people who brought a pc in that time was offered a $15 upgrade to the launched version. Over a three quarter stretch Microsoft revenues were deferred $1.1 billion. We need to access the actual calculations of Microsofts own to know how much they deferred for windows 10. Technology review As Windows 10 is the most upgraded version it should run everything that use to run on Windows 8. Though it is hard to tell that if there is any app or software that can create problem for running with the operating system. So we can say that there are a majority of apps, games and programs thatll run through Windows 10. People who will utilise the O.S. will be able to know about its compatibility and incompatibilities. Also users files and documents will stay the same even after updating. In case of the processor it has also created a new age in its field of expertise. The i7 6700k is mainly used for enhancing the graphic ability of the machine it is into. The main interesting feature of i7 processors are its overclocking abilities are highest in the market base clock speed is 4.0 and 4.2 GHz thanks to Intel Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 also it is stupidly fast. The i7 6700k has 8 total threads with 4 physical cores. All of skylake processors have a dual memory controller that can hav e both DDR3L for low voltage purpose and DDR 4 memory. The system got new processor architecture and new memory controller which are designed to support higher clock speed. All the limitation of previous models have been eliminated in the i7 processor. G.skill and Corsair were the firsts to publish 3600MHz.It features a dynamic clock which can run up to 1150MHz and supports DirectX 12. Company background Intel was founded in 1968, after its founding it was distinguished through its capability to make semiconductors 1969. Intel also created first microcomputers in 1972. Intels primary competitors were AMD. In 2000 the company tried to expand their business beyond semi conductors, but only few of these activities were successful. Intel also was embroiled with litigation as US law initially did not recognized intellectual property rights for microprocessor topology. The problem faded after the Semiconductor chip protection act of 1984. This was their start for the peak at which they stand now. After this they expanded their business and opened foundries in 2013. Then came IBM, they first introduced their personal computer in 1981.in 1982 the 80286 microprocessor was created by Intel, which was used in the IBM PC. Introducing the 586 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 formally established designed the processors code named P5 and P6. During 1991 Intel started the Intel Head quarters Intel inside branding and marketing campaign. On September 8, 2008 the company begins selling their first solid state drive. Intels Scientific Computer division was first come into play. They connected hypercube topology with Intel microprocessors to produce and design parallel computers. For past few decades Intel was busy grasping the telecommunication market but after a prolong gap the above mentioned product was created by Intel. Microsoft on the other hand was created in 1972. It released first version of windows while jointly developing a new OS with IBM. The company released Windows 95 on August 24, 1995. After this between the era of 2007 and 2011 Microsoft created Windows vista, Windows mobiles, Microsoft Office and Windows 7. After that Microsoft is busy with all of its sequel projects like Windows 8, surface and other projects. Windows 1 interface Through this both of the companies reach their way to the products about which this thesis is. Public Overview Among all the reviews of Windows 10 operating system some things can be observed in most of them. The good side of Windows 10 is that the start menu has returned unlike its predecessor windows 8. It also got a fixed windows experience unlike windows 8s broken desktop experience. But the tablet experience of Windows 10 still got problem. This are the most heard or criticized cases regarding Windows 10. Amongst other features, it has a significant upgrade over Windows 7 and 8 and it is known that Cortana is to be used in Windows 10 after few updates. The main problems that Windows 10 users generally faces are Windows 10 regularly nag to use Microsoft affiliated account and mail and calendar apps are not available without Microsoft account. On the other hand personal experience is very positive about Intel i7 6700k processors. But there are few drawbacks; primarily the processor is very costly second, it is not very much enhanced than its predecessor model, also it uses slightly more po wer. Conclusion According to the above discussion we can get the impact that Contemporary Computing is the combination of various social factors such as sheer marketing prowess of Media, various contribution of different technical field, history along with intention of various inventor companies and lastly huge awareness of general population towards the latest technical invention. Talking about the modern innovation of computing, media plays a key factor in respect of promotion as well as creating huge awareness among the mass populace across the world. As any technical concept heavily relies on other technical theories, it is no exception that computing world also depends on various different technical fields. Since, it is high competition market; most of the inventor companies do not entertain any non-profit scientific ideas. Therefore, the intention of any inventor company greatly influences the success of any contemporary computing theory. Lastly, the mentality of the general populace creates a huge impact on the contemporary computing. References Bott, Ed, and Woody Leonhard. Using Microsoft Office 2000. Indianapolis, Ind.: Que, 1999. Print. Brey, Barry B. The Intel Microprocessors. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2003. Print. Duim, Rene  van der, Carina Ren, and Gunnar Tho r Jo hannesson. Actor Network Theory And Tourism. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012. Print. Jackson, Tim. Inside Intel. New York, N.Y.: Dutton, 1997. Print. Martin, Michel. Windows 7. Paris: Pearson e ducation, 2009. Print. McFedries, Paul. Windows 10. Visual, 2015. Print. 'MICROSOFT OFFICE 2010'. working@office 13.2 (2012): 28-31. Web. Mille, Thierry. Windows 7. Paris: Micro application, 2009. Print. Murray, Katherine. Faster Smarter Microsoft Office XP. Redmond, Wash.: Microsoft Press, 2003. Print. Parashar, Manish. 2013 Sixth International Conference On Contemporary Computing (IC3-2013). Print. Parashar, Manish. Contemporary Computing. Berlin: Springer, 2012. Print. 'Picture Windows'. Astronomy Geophysics 50.4 (2009): 4.09-4.09. Web. Ramesh Jain,. 'Beyond Windows'. IEEE Multimedia 10.2 (2003): 88-87. Web. 'Therapeutic Windows'. Molecular Interventions 10.2 (2010): 69-71. Web.

Types of Needs Malthus Theory Essay Example

Types of Needs Malthus Theory Essay What is a need? * Require as useful, just, or proper. * A condition requiring relief. * Anything that is necessary but lacking. * A state of extreme poverty or destitution. Positive, GNMENT 1hunger that compels action for its satisfaction. Needs range from basic survival needs (common to all human beings) satisfied by necessities, to cultural, intellectual, and social needs (varying from place to place and age group to age group) satisfied by necessaries. Needs are finite but, in contrast, wants (which spring from desires or wishes) are boundless. A need is something that is necessary for organisms to live a healthy life. Needs are distinguished from wants because a deficiency would cause a clear negative outcome, such as dysfunction or death. Needs can be objective and physical, such as food, or they can be subjective and psychological, such as the need for self-esteem. On a societal level, needs are sometimes controversial. Understanding needs and wants is an issue in the fields of politics, social science, and philosophy. Concepts of need There is a considerable amount of complex literature related to the subject of need. Bradshaws (1972) Typology of Needs provides a useful starting point as he splits the concept of need into four different types. 1. Normative need This is defined by an expert or professional and relates to established standards and protocols. This type of need is often highlighted when a standard needs to be met or maintained. 2. Felt need This concerns a need identified by individuals or groups, which is equated to what people want. 3. Expressed need This is a felt need that is turned into an expressed request which is then initiated via some form of action or demand. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Needs Malthus Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Needs Malthus Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Needs Malthus Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This often concerns access to resources or services in order to meet the need. 4. Comparative need This is defined by comparing the needs of similar groups and using the information to establish parity where possible. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN BASIC AND ACQUIRED NEED? BASIC NEED The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty. It attempts to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy those needs. A traditional list of immediate basic needs is food (including water), shelter, and clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of basic needs of not just food, water, and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare. Different agencies use different lists. In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty. Development programs following the basic needs approach do not invest in economically productive activities that will help a society carry its own weight in the future, rather it focuses on allowing the society to consume just enough to rise above the poverty line and meet its basic needs. These programs focus more on subsistence than fairness. Nevertheless, in terms of measurement, the basic needs or absolute approach is important. ACQUIRED NEED Need are shaped over time by our experiences over time. Most of these fall into three general categories of needs: * Achievement. * Affiliation. * Power. Acquired Needs Theory is also known as the Three-Need Theory or Learned Need Theory. We have different preferences We will tend have one of these needs that affects us more powerfully than others and thus affects our behaviors: * Achievers seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. They will avoid low risk activities that have no chance of gain. They also will avoid high risks where there is a significant chance of failure. * Affiliation seekers look for harmonious relationships with other people. They will thus tend to conform and shy away from standing out. The seek approval rather than recognition. * Power seekers want power either to control other people (for their own goals) or to achieve higher goals (for the greater good). They seek neither recognition nor approval from others only agreement and compliance. ERG THEORY A theory of human motivation that focuses on three groups of needs that form a hierarchy: existence needs (physical and material wants); relatedness needs (the desire for interpersonal relationships and for deeper relationships with the important people in ones life); and growth needs (desires to be creative and productive). The theory suggests that these needs change their position in the hierarchy as circumstances change * Existence Needs co-relate to Maslows first two levels. This group of needs is concerned with providing the basic requirements for material existence, such as physiological and safety needs. In a work context this need is satisfied by money earned in a job for the purchase of food, shelter, clothing, etc. * Relatedness Needs co-relate to Maslows third and fourth levels. This group of needs focuses on the desire to establish and maintain interpersonal relationships with family, friends, co-workers and employers. This need includes the need to interact with other people, receive public recognition, and feel secure around people. In a work context and given the amount of time most people spend at work this need is normally satisfied to some extent by their relationships with colleagues and managers. * Growth Needs co-relate to Maslows fourth and fifth levels. These needs are about the fulfilment of desires to be creative, productive and to complete meaningful tasks in order to build and enhance a person’s self-esteem through personal achievement. These needs are all about by personal development. In a work context a persons job, career, or profession can provide a significant satisfaction of growth needs. Varying needs ERG Theory recognizes that the order of importance of the three categories may vary for each individual depending on the circumstances experienced by the individual and also how the individual perceives the circumstances. According to ERG theory, focusing exclusively on any one need at a time will not optimise effective motivation. The leadership and management implications of this are that change leaders need to recognise that people have multiple needs to satisfy simultaneously. There seems to a general concensus that ERG theory provides a workable explanation of the dynamics of human needs as experienced and expressed in organisational situations. The theory is less rigid than Maslows famous Hierarchy of Needs theory, and Human needs cluster more neatly around the three categories proposed by Alderfer than the five categories in Maslow’s hierarchy. Also, the identification of the processes of satisfaction-progression and frustration-regression offers a more flexible and realistic explanation of why and how peoples needs can change: * To their own changing circumstances * Their own perception of those circumstances * To their leaders framing and communication of those circumstances Contrasting Maslow and ERG Theory Maslows Theory of Motivation Hierarchy of Needs In 1943, Dr. Abraham Maslow s article A Theory of Human Motivation appeared in Psychological Review, which were further expanded upon in his book: Toward a Psychology of Being In this article, Abraham H. Maslow attempted to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation and based upon his clinical experiences with people, rather than as did the prior psychology theories of his day from authors such as Freud and B. F. Skinner, which were largely theoretical or based upon animal behavior. From this theory of motivation, modern leaders and executive managers find means of motivation for the purposes of employee and workforce management. Abraham Maslows book Motivation and Personality (1954), formally introduced the Hierarchy of Needs. The basis of Maslows motivation theory is that human beings are motivated by unsatisfied needs, and that certain lower factors need to be satisfied before higher needs can be satisfied. According to Maslow, there are general types of needs (physiological, survival, safety, love, and esteem) that must be satisfied before a person can act unselfishly. He called these needs deficiency needs. As long as we are motivated to satisfy these cravings, we are moving towards growth, toward self-actualization. Satisfying needs is healthy, while preventing gratification makes us sick or act evilly. As a result, for adequate workplace motivation, it is important that leadership understands the active needs active for individual employee motivation. In this manner, Maslows model indicates that fundamental, lower-order needs like safety and physiological requirements have to be satisfied in order to pursue higher-level motivators along the lines of self-fulfillment. As depicted in the following hierarchical diagram, sometimes called Maslows Needs Pyramid or Maslows Needs Triangle, after a need is satisfied it stops acting as a motivator and the next need one rank higher starts to motivate. Self-Actualization| Esteem Needs| Social Needs| Safety Needs| Physiological Needs| Maslow has set up a hierarchy of five levels of basic needs. Beyond these needs, higher levels of needs exist. These include needs for understanding, esthetic appreciation and purely spiritual needs. In the levels of the five basic needs, the person does not feel the second need until the demands of the first have been satisfied, nor the third until the second has been satisfied, and so on. Maslows basic needs are as follows: Needs for Self-Actualization When all of the foregoing needs are satisfied, then and only then are the needs for self-actualization activated. Maslow describes self-actualization as a persons need to be and do that which the person was born to do. A musician must make music, an artist must paint, and a poet must write. These needs make themselves felt in signs of restlessness. The person feels on edge, tense, lacking something, in short, restless. If a person is hungry, unsafe, not loved or accepted, or lacking self-esteem, it is very easy to know what the person is restless about. It is not always clear what a person wants when there is a need for self-actualization. The hierarchic theory is often represented as a pyramid, with the larger, lower levels representing the lower needs, and the upper point representing the need for self-actualization. Maslow believes that the only reason that people would not move well in direction of self-actualization is because of hindrances placed in their way by society. He states that education is one of these hindrances. He recommends ways education can switch from its usual person-stunting tactics to person-growing approaches. Maslow states that educators should respond to the potential an individual has for growing into a self-actualizing person of his/her own kind. Needs for Esteem When the first three classes of needs are satisfied, the needs for esteem can become dominant. These involve needs for both self-esteem and for the esteem a person gets from others. Humans have a need for a stable, firmly based, high level of self-respect, and respect from others. When these needs are satisfied, the person feels self-confident and valuable as a person in the world. When these needs are frustrated, the person feels inferior, weak, helpless and worthless. Needs of Love, Affection and Belongingness When the needs for safety and for physiological well-being are satisfied, the next class of needs for love, affection and belongingness can emerge. Maslow states that people seek to overcome feelings of loneliness and alienation. This involves both giving and receiving love, affection and the sense of belonging. Safety Needs When all physiological needs are satisfied and are no longer controlling thoughts and behaviors, the needs for security can become active. Adults have little awareness of their security needs except in times of emergency or periods of disorganization in the social structure (such as widespread rioting). Children often display the signs of insecurity and the need to be safe. Physiological Needs These are biological needs. They consist of needs for oxygen, food, water, and a relatively constant body temperature. They are the strongest needs because if a person were deprived of all needs, the physiological ones would come first in the persons search for satisfaction. Differences from Maslows Needs Hierarchy Beyond simply reducing the distinction between overlapping needs, the ERG theory improves upon the following shortcomings of Maslows Needs Hierarchy: Alderfers ERG theory demonstrates that more than one need may motivate at the same time. A lower motivator need not be substantially satisfied before one can move onto higher motivators. The ERG theory also accounts for differences in need preferences between cultures better than Maslows Need Hierarchy; the order of needs can be different for different people. This flexibility accounts for a wider range of observed behaviors. For example, it can explain the starving artist who may place growth needs above those of existence. The ERG theory acknowledges that if a higher-order need is frustrated, an individual may regress to increase the satisfaction of a lower-order need which appears easier to satisfy. This is known as the frustration-regression principle. After the original formulation of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs, studies had shown that the middle levels of Maslows hierarchy overlap. Alderfer addressed this issue by reducing the number of levels to three. The letters ERG represent these three levels of needs: * Existence refers to our concern with basic aterial existence motivators. * Relatedness refers to the  motivation we have for maintaining interpersonal relationships. * Growth refers to an intrinsic desire for personal development. Like Maslows model, the ERG  motivation is hierarchical, and creates a pyramid or triangle appearance. Existence needs motivate at a more fundamental level than relatedness needs, which, in turn supercedes growth needs. Growth Self-Actualization| External Esteem Needs| | Relatedness Internal Esteem Needs| Social Needs| | Existence Safety Needs| Physiological Needs| | |